11 best European residence permits for US citizens: choose your gateway to a new life abroad

1. A backup plan. Residence in another country offers Americans a valuable backup. If they no longer wish to live in the US, they can relocate abroad and stay as long as their permits allow.

2. Lower cost of living. Most European countries have lower costs of living than the US. For example, Hungary, Portugal, and Greece are two to three times more affordable.

Living in New York requires at least $12,000 per month, including rent. The cost of living in Budapest, Hungary, is about $3,500 per month, including rent. In Lisbon, Portugal, it is around $4,900 per month, including rent.

3. More safety and stability. Europe is home to some of the safest and most politically stable countries. Switzerland, Austria, and Portugal rank high in global safety indices, such as The Global Peace Index 2024, where the US ranks 132nd out of 163 countries.

Europe’s strict gun laws reduce violence. Firearms are typically allowed only for sports or hunting, with licenses requiring both police and psychiatric approval.

4. Access to affordable healthcare. Europe’s universal healthcare systems are high-quality and far cheaper than in the US. Even private health insurance in Europe is more affordable.

In the Netherlands, monthly health insurance, including dentistry and psychotherapy, costs around $250. In comparison, in the US, health insurance costs about $750 per month.

5. Path to dual citizenship. Many European countries offer pathways to dual citizenship, granting rights in two nations. EU citizenship provides access to unrestricted movement, work, and study across all member states.

The US allows dual citizenship, so Americans don’t have to renounce their nationality if the other country also permits multiple citizenship. For example, Austria and the Netherlands prohibit dual citizenship.

Residency by investment programs make it easier for Americans to obtain European citizenship. For instance, Portugal Golden Visa holders can obtain passports in 5 years without continuous residency.

6. Ease of traveling within Europe. Europe’s compact geography and affordable transportation make it easy to explore. Budget airlines, high-speed trains, and buses conveniently connect diverse regions.

A plane ticket from Vienna to Barcelona costs about $22 and takes 2.5 hours. For shorter distances, buses are suitable. For example, a bus trip from Amsterdam to Brussels takes 3—4 hours and costs $9.

7. Tax optimization. Living abroad offers opportunities for reducing the tax burden. Some countries provide tax-friendly conditions with low income or corporate tax rates, such as:

• Hungary, where personal income is taxed at 15% and corporate income at 9%;

• Cyprus, with a 12,5% corporate tax.

8. More accessible education. Living in Europe often grants Americans the legal right to study in their country of residence. Tuition fees in many European countries are much lower than in the US, with some nations offering free higher education for residents.

For instance, most German and Norwegian universities do not have tuition fees. Studying at Hungarian public universities typically costs up to $8,000. In the US, the average tuition fee is $11,000 for a public institution in-state and $24,500 out-of-state.

Europe is home to renowned universities, especially in the United Kingdom, such as Oxford and Cambridge.

9. Business expansion. Europe’s economies provide opportunities for business growth. Entrepreneurs benefit from access to a single market of 450 million consumers and stable regulatory frameworks.

Some European countries, like the Netherlands and the UK, are top choices for running a business due to economic stability and adherence to international laws. The UK is considered a business hub, with many international companies headquartered there.

Temporary residence allows foreign nationals to live in a country for a limited period, usually 1 to 5 years, with the option to renew. These permits often have restrictions, such as limited employment rights, restricted access to public benefits, or travel limitations within the region.

Applicants typically must demonstrate financial stability, provide proof of their activity in the country, and meet additional requirements, such as language proficiency or health insurance coverage.

European residence permits are granted for the following reasons:

1. Employment, remote work as digital nomads included.

2. Running a business.

3. Education, undergoing training courses included, and scientific research.

4. Family reunification.

5. Medical treatment.

6. Volunteering.

7. Other, such as asylum or official visits.

Some countries, such as Greece, Portugal, and Hungary, allow wealthy individuals to obtain residence by investment. Requirements, procedures, and minimum contribution amounts vary by country.

Financially independent individuals can obtain residence in Portugal, Austria, Switzerland, and Ireland. Digital nomads are eligible for residence in Hungary and Portugal.

Temporary residence permits are ideal for those seeking short-term solutions or wishing to experience a country before committing to long-term residence.

Permanent residence is designed for individuals planning to live in a country indefinitely. These permits are typically granted after continuous residence for a specific number of years and are often issued for life.

Some countries allow foreigners to obtain permanent residence by investment. For example, Cyprus requires a minimum contribution of €300,000, while Malta requires a minimum investment of €187,000. Investors can gain permanent resident status in at least 6 months without needing to reside in the chosen country.

Permanent residence often serves as a pathway to citizenship, making it appealing for those seeking to establish deeper roots in a new country.

According to the United Nations, 44 countries are part of Europe. However, not all of them are ideal for relocation.

Experts at Immigrant Invest identified 11 countries as the best options for relocation. The selection was based on the ease of obtaining a residence permit, the quality of life, and the speed of acquiring permanent residency. Countries where English is the first and official language were also included.

The list of best European countries for getting residence permits include:

1. Cyprus.

2. Malta.

3. The United Kingdom.

4. Ireland.

5. The Netherlands.

6. Sweden.

7. Switzerland.

8. Austria.

9. Portugal.

10. Hungary.

11. Greece.

Both Cyprus and Malta offer a direct path to permanent residence without requiring a temporary residence permit. This option is available to investors who contribute to the country’s economy.

In Cyprus, permanent residence can be obtained in 9 months, while in Malta, the process takes at least 6 months.

Cyprus. Americans can obtain permanent residence in Cyprus by investing at least €300,000 in one of the following:

• residential real estate purchased directly from the developer;

• commercial real estate, including both primary and secondary sales;

• shares of Cypriot companies employing at least 5 people;

• units of Cypriot investment funds.

If applicants invest in anything other than residential real estate, they must rent or purchase housing, with no specific cost requirements. To maintain permanent resident status, investors must visit Cyprus at least once every 2 years.

Cyprus is an island nation in the Mediterranean Sea, positioned between Europe and Africa, offering easy access to Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. The country has a warm climate with abundant sunshine year-round and a history dating back to ancient times.

One of Cyprus’ key advantages is its corporate tax of 12,5%, among the lowest in Europe. This makes Cyprus an attractive option for Americans looking to register a business. The growing Cypriot economy and its ranking among the top 20 freest economies globally further enhance its appeal to business people.

Investors become eligible to apply for Cypriot citizenship after living in the country for 8 years.

Individual cost calculation for permanent residence in Cyprus

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Malta offers the Malta Permanent Residence Programme, MPRP, enabling foreigners to obtain a permanent residence permit immediately.

To qualify for the MPRP, applicants fulfill several mandatory investment requirements:

• rent or purchase real estate, with a minimum annual rent of €14,000 or a property purchase of €375,000 or more;

• pay an administrative fee of €50,000;

• pay a contribution fee of €60,000 if renting a property or €30,000 if purchasing one;

• make a charitable donation of €2,000.

Applicants must also prove their financial capacity with either:

• assets of at least €500,000, including €150,000 in liquid financial assets; or

• assets of at least €650,000, with at least €75,000 in financial assets.

Malta, a small island nation near Sicily, Italy, enjoys a Mediterranean climate with warm summers and mild winters. This climate may appeal to Americans from colder regions, while those from sunnier areas will find plenty of sunshine in Malta.

The official languages of Malta are English and Maltese. Most of the population speaks English, and public services are widely available in this language, so Americans are not required to learn Maltese or any other foreign language.

Moving to a country where English is the first and official language can be easier for Americans, as they can avoid language barriers during administrative procedures and integration.

Three European countries have English as their first language: Malta, the United Kingdom, and Ireland, located on islands off the coast of continental Europe.

Ireland is an excellent choice for relocation, not only because English is an official language but also due to its safety. It ranks 3rd globally on the Global Peace Index. The country offers a slower pace of life, providing a relaxed atmosphere for Americans moving from busy cities.

The Irish are known for their welcoming nature, friendliness, and hospitality, making integration easier for newcomers.

Ireland offers an Independent Means Visa, known as Stamp 0 Retirement Permission. Despite its name, applicants do not need to be retired. To qualify, they must demonstrate an annual income of at least €50,000 and have a lump sum to cover unexpected expenses, though no specific amount is required.

United Kingdom. The UK has a diverse and thriving job market, hosting branches of many American companies, such as Uber, American Express, and Amazon. According to a Deloitte study, London is the most attractive European destination for high-skilled workers.

Beyond its robust job opportunities, the UK is home to some of the world’s leading universities, including Imperial College London, the University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge, and UCL. This makes it an appealing destination for those looking to advance their education and career prospects.

The country is known for its cultural diversity and has a well-established expat community, making it easier for Americans to find support networks and integrate into society.

The UK does not offer specific visas for investors. Those seeking residency must apply under standard grounds, such as employment or studies in the country.

Austria is located in Central Europe, offering easy access to neighboring countries, making it ideal for exploring the continent.

Austria is a remarkable destination for Americans, ranking 5th globally for safety and 8th for sustainability. The country also ranks in the top 10 in terms of the Quality of Life Index by Numbeo. These factors contribute to its reputation as an ideal place to live for those seeking a stable, tranquil environment.

Financially independent individuals can obtain Austrian residency by demonstrating a stable income from abroad and purchasing or renting a property. Applications are typically submitted at the beginning of each year, and early submission improves the chances of approval.

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The Netherlands is located in Western Europe, bordering Germany and Belgium, making it easy for Americans to visit these countries. For example, Brussels is just a two-hour ride from Amsterdam, the Dutch capital.

The Netherlands ranks 2nd in Europe for quality of life, surpassed only by Luxembourg, according to the Number Health Index 2024.

The country appeals to Americans seeking a healthy, eco-friendly lifestyle. With an excellent healthcare system, the country prioritizes well-being and sustainability. It also emphasizes inclusivity, creating a welcoming and enjoyable environment for residents.

As one of Europe’s largest economies, the Netherlands offers high economic stability and low inflation rates. This fosters a favorable environment for investments, business growth, financial security, and better job opportunities.

Common reasons for obtaining residence permits in the Netherlands include working, studying, and reuniting with family members. Family reunification is particularly advantageous for Americans married to Dutch nationals, as it allows them to hold dual nationality, which is not available to other categories of foreigners.

Sweden is a northern European country located on the Scandinavian peninsula. It is known for its robust and stable economy, ensuring a high quality of life for its residents. The country ranks in the top 10 worldwide for overall quality of life.

The Swedish people rank 4th globally for happiness, reflecting Sweden’s commitment to social well-being, outdoor activities, and a balanced lifestyle.

Sweden performs strongly in human freedom, healthcare, and cleanliness, further enhancing its appeal. According to the EF English Proficiency Index, Sweden has one of the highest levels of English proficiency among non-English-speaking countries.

Americans typically obtain Swedish residence permits for reasons such as working, studying, family reunification, or research. Highly qualified employees can also apply for the EU Blue Card.

Switzerland is a central European country known for its safety and high quality of life. It ranks 10th in the Global Peace Index by the World Population Review and 5th in the Numbeo Quality of Life Index.

With one of the highest GDPs per capita, Switzerland offers economic stability, benefiting business owners and residents alike.

For Americans with passive income, the country provides a residence permit for financially independent individuals. Applicants must make a lump-sum payment of CHF 450,000 to establish residency in one of the world’s most peaceful and prosperous nations.

Residency by investment is one of the simplest ways for Americans to obtain a European permit. It involves contributing to the host country’s economy without the need for employment, university enrollment, or family ties.

The process is straightforward, as legal experts guide investors through the requirements and procedures, ensuring compliance at every step.

Portugal offers residence permits in exchange for investing in the following areas:

• arts and cultural heritage — €250,000+;

• research activities — €500,000+;

• investment fund units — €500,000+;

• business with the creation of 5 jobs — €500,000+;

• opening a company with the creation of 10 jobs — no investment threshold.

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Portugal also provides specific residence permits for other categories:

• digital nomads earning at least €3,480 per month;

• financially independent individuals with a passive income of at least €870 from abroad;

• entrepreneurs launching innovative projects in Portugal, with at least €10,440 in their bank account.

All residence permits are typically issued within six months or slightly longer.

Located in Southern Europe and bordering Spain, Portugal offers a pleasant climate, water activities, and a relaxed lifestyle.

According to the Global Peace Index 2024, Portugal ranks 7th in safety, with low levels of violent crime, homicides, and terrorism. Cities are well-guarded, and streets are safe both day and night.

US citizens can apply for Portuguese citizenship after five years of residence. Citizenship is granted faster for newborns born in Portugal to parents holding residence permits for at least one year before the child’s birth.

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Hungary has a Golden Visa program, allowing Americans to obtain residence permits by investing in the following:

• real estate fund units — at least €250,000;

• residential properties — at least €500,000;

• institution of higher learning — at least €1,000,000.

The process takes at least five months, granting a 10-year temporary residence permit immediately, which can be extended once for another 10 years.

Hungary is the only country on the list that grants temporary residence permits for 10 years from the start.

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Hungary also provides permits for remote workers, freelancers, and self-employed Americans, the Hungary White Card.

To be eligible, the applicants must have a monthly income of at least €3,000, rent or buy real estate, and provide a job contract with a company outside the EU.

This permit is valid for up to two years and cannot be extended. The pathway to permanent residence or citizenship is not available either. It also does not allow applicants to include family members in their applications.

Hungary’s central location in Europe makes regional travel convenient. For example, Vienna is a three-hour drive away, and Prague is five hours away by car.

Americans who become Hungarian tax residents benefit from some of the lowest tax rates in Europe:

• 15% on income tax;

• 9% on corporate tax;

• 4% on stamp duty on property purchase.

While Europe generally offers high-quality healthcare, Hungary stands out for its affordability. The country is a hub for medical tourism, attracting people worldwide for its thermal and mineral springs, quality dentistry, and aesthetic surgeries.

Medical services are significantly cheaper than in the US. For instance, installing a tooth crown costs around €1,400 in the US, compared to €250—350 in Hungary.

Greece offers residence permits to Americans who invest at least €250,000 in the country’s economy. Investment options include the following:

• real estate purchase — €250,000+;

• 10-year lease of tourist accommodation, timeshare for tourist accommodation, or receiving real estate as inheritance or gift — €400,000+;

• fixed-term deposit, purchase of investment bonds, or capital investment in Greek companies — €500,000+;

• purchase of corporate and government bonds listed for trading — €800,000+.

The process of obtaining Greek residence permits takes at least four months. The status is granted for five years and can be renewed. Investors become eligible for Greek citizenship after seven years of residency.

Greece is located in Southern Europe, by the Mediterranean Sea. The country experiences hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. Depending on the region, Greece enjoys warm weather for seven to nine months each year, with coastal areas providing abundant water activities.

American businesspeople relocating to Greece can benefit from a special tax regime. This allows tax residents to pay a flat tax of €100,000 on global income. Without this exemption, the tax rate on global income can reach 45%.

Greece is renowned for its rich history, with ancient ruins and historic sites scattered throughout the country.

Obtaining a residence permit on non-investment grounds generally involves these steps:

1. Determine eligibility for the chosen residence permit.

2. Gather required documents, such as a job contract for a work permit or proof of enrolment for a study permit.

3. Submit an application with the relevant authorities.

4. Wait for the decision.

5. If approved, collect your residence permit and relocate to the country.

Processing times vary depending on the country and the grounds for application, ranging from several weeks to several months.

The choice of residence permit depends on individual preferences. Below is a table of 11 European countries that may appeal to US citizens seeking residency.

Some countries, like Portugal and Malta, offer a straightforward path to residency in exchange for investment.

All the listed countries allow residents to apply for passports after holding residence permits, though the time required ranges from 5 to 11 years.

Americans often obtain European citizenship by naturalization. The process typically begins with acquiring a residence permit, followed by permanent residence, and eventually eligibility to apply for citizenship. For example, Irish residents must live in Ireland for at least five years, while Greece requires a seven-year residence period.

The conditions for citizenship are similar across most countries and generally include:

• legally living in the country for the required period;

• proving financial self-sufficiency;

• passing language and citizenship tests;

• demonstrating good conduct;

• having the intention to continue living in the country.

In some cases, investors do not need to meet the residing criteria. For example, Portugal Golden Visa holders need only visit the country for seven days per year to qualify for citizenship.

Some countries, like Austria and the Netherlands, do not permit dual citizenship. Americans seeking citizenship in these countries would need to renounce their US passports.

Malta offers an accelerated path to a passport after holding a residence permit. Those who contribute to the Maltese economy may apply for citizenship by naturalization for exceptional services by direct investment. The investment threshold is €690,000.

1. Relocating to European countries offers Americans numerous benefits, including lower living and healthcare costs, enhanced safety and stability, seamless travel across the Schengen Area, and the option of a backup plan.

2. Residence permits by investment are one of the easiest ways for Americans to become residents and move to Europe. Portugal, Greece, and Hungary offer such opportunities.

3. Malta and Cyprus offer permanent residence to those who invest in their economies, bypassing the need for a temporary residence permit.

4. For those prioritising quality of life, the Netherlands, Sweden, Austria, and Switzerland stand out as excellent choices.