Spain Digital Nomad Visa for US citizens: a complete guide

The Spain Digital Nomad Visa is designed for remote workers who wish to live and work in Spain while being employed by foreign companies, working as freelancers, or managing their own businesses abroad.

To be eligible, applicants must have a minimum monthly income of €2,646, or $2,832. This income must come from non-Spanish companies or clients, and only up to 20% of the applicant’s income may be earned from Spanish sources.

The Digital Nomad Visa is valid for 12 months, permitting the holder to reside in Spain. They also gain the opportunity to obtain a 3-year residence permit that can be extended for another 2 years.

1. Residency in the EU. The Spain Digital Nomad Visa enables US remote workers to obtain a residence permit within 1 year after entering the country. This permit allows digital nomads to reside in Spain while working for their non-Spanish employers.

2. Family inclusion. Immediate family members of US citizens, including spouses and children, can also receive residence permits under the Spain Digital Nomad Visa. In exceptional cases, financially dependent parents, grandparents, and siblings can be included, facilitating the relocation of the entire family.

3. Affordable cost of living. The cost of living in Spain is about 37% lower than in the United States, with even major cities like Barcelona offering affordable rent, utilities, and groceries.

Furthermore, Spain offers a relatively low cost of living compared to other Western European countries. Spain’s consumer price level is about 6% lower than the EU average. In comparison, Germany’s price level is approximately 19% higher than the one of Spain, France’s is around 23% higher, and Sweden’s price level is about 36% higher than in Spain.​

4. Access to European banking services. Residents of Spain can easily open local bank accounts, secure loans, and transfer money internationally. It is also easier for them to open accounts in other banks in the EU.

5. European education. Children of Spanish residents are entitled to free primary and secondary education in public schools. Spain’s public and private schools offer courses in English, as well as bilingual education.

Higher education is also more affordable compared to other European countries and the US. Tuition fees for Bachelor programmes in Spain range from $800 to $2,700 per year, while in the US annual tuition fees at public universities range from $9,700 to $27,500.

6. High-quality healthcare. Spain ranks 7th in the Health Care Index 2024, offering excellent medical services. US citizens with Spanish residency can receive free treatment in public hospitals if they contribute to social security. Private health insurance also provides access to private clinics and additional medical facilities.

7. Path to permanent residency and citizenship. After 5 years in Spain, residents can apply for permanent residency, provided they spend at least 183 days per year in the country. After another 5 years, they can apply for citizenship.

It is important to note that Spain does not permit dual citizenship, thus, US citizens would need to renounce their American nationality.

8. Community of expats. Spain hosts a large and active expat community, including many from the US. According to Spain’s National Statistics Agency, there were approximately 39,800 US citizens officially residing in Spain in 2019. By 2021, this number had increased by 13% to about 41,950.

This vibrant community makes it easier for newcomers to find support, make friends, and integrate into local life.

9. High quality of life. Spain is one of the safest countries, ranking 23rd in the Global Peace Index 2024, and boasts one of the highest life expectancies in Europe at around 84 years. With a GDP per capita of $29,771 and a relatively low cost of living, the country provides a high standard of living for its residents.

Spain is renowned for its pleasant weather, excellent air quality, well-developed infrastructure, and abundant green spaces, including 15 national parks.

The Spain Digital Nomad Visa is issued to individuals from non-EU and non-EEA countries having a bilateral agreement on offsetting social contributions with Spain. The US and Spain have such an agreement, so digital nomads from the US are eligible for this visa.

Americans wishing to acquire a Spain Digital Nomad Visa must work remotely and be able to prove this.

Main applicants for Spain Digital Nomad Visa must also meet the following requirements:

• be over 18;

• provide freelance services for clients predominantly outside of Spain or be employed in a non-Spanish company;

• have no criminal record in Spain or any country of residence within the last 5 years;

• possess a higher education degree or at least 3 years of work experience;

• confirm registration in Spain by renting or purchasing real estate, if applying for a residence permit;

• have Spanish health insurance, if planning to work in Spain.

Family members of US citizens that can be added to the Spain Digital Nomad Visa application include:

• a spouse;

• children under 18;

• financially dependent unmarried children over 18 who study at university;

• financially dependent parents and grandparents;

• financially dependent siblings.

The income threshold depends on Spanish minimum wage, or SMI, which is set to €1,134, or $1,214, in 2024. To be eligible for a visa, digital nomads from the US must earn at least twice the SMI amount, which equals €2,646, or $2,832, per month before taxes.

When adding family members, the income requirement increases by €993, or $1,063, per month for the spouse, and by €331, or $354, per month for each additional family member.

Thus, when applying with a spouse and two children, a digital nomad must earn at least €4,301, or $4,650, per month.

To work remotely in Spain, US digital nomads must confirm that they have been working with legal entities outside of Spain for at least 3 months.

Contracts with individuals are not accepted, and employment contracts must be signed only with companies that have been in operation for at least a year. Employees must also obtain permission from their employer to work remotely in Spain.

Self-employed individuals can work in Spain if their local earnings do not exceed 20% of their total monthly income.

Individual cost calculation for the Spain Digital Nomad Visa

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Americans must consider the following additional expenses when applying for the Spain Digital Nomad Visa:

• consular fee — €80;

• fee for obtaining the NIE number, or Foreigner Identity Number — €9.84;

• health insurance with the coverage of at least €30,000, — €50+ per month;

• government fee for issuing a residence permit card — €79.26;

• legal and translation services — €1,000+.

The documents attached to the application for Spain Digital Nomad Visa must be translated into Spanish, and notarized copies might be required. Here is a general list:

• a completed application form;

• copies of all pages of the passport with at least 1 year of validity remaining;

• recent passport-sized color photos;

• a proof of employment, i.e. employment contracts or letters from foreign employer;

• a proof of freelance work, i.e. contracts with clients, if self-employed;

• a proof of income, i.e. bank statements, an employment contract, or tax returns;

• a diploma or a proof of at least 3 years of work experience;

• a criminal record certificate for the last 5 years;

• a health insurance valid in Spain, with the coverage of at least €30,000;

• a proof of accommodation in Spain, i.e. rental agreement or property ownership documents;

• marriage and birth certificates, if applicable;

• an NIE number, obtained through the Spanish Consulate or in Spain;

• a proof of paying a visa fee.

The Spain Digital Nomad Visa is valid for 1 year. During this period, an American does not need to obtain residency as holding the visa alone is sufficient. To continue residing in Spain after 1 year, US digital nomads must apply for a residence permit. The permit is initially granted for 3 years and can be extended for an additional 2 years.

The renewal application is submitted at the local immigration office in Spain. Residents should apply 60 days before or within 90 days after their current residence permit expires to avoid any legal issues​​. The processing of the renewal application typically takes a few weeks.

To renew the residence permit, US citizens must still meet the eligibility criteria:

• continue to work remotely for a company outside Spain or as a freelancer with clients outside Spain;

• maintain the minimum income requirement of €2,334, or $2,832, per month;

• have health insurance coverage in Spain;

• ensure their criminal record must remain clean​.

For renewal, applicants will need to submit updated documents, similar to those required for the initial residence permit. Additionally, a certificate of payment of social security contributions is required.

Digital nomad’s family members submit separate applications and provide criminal record certificates from all countries where they have resided in the previous 2 years.

Tax residency. Foreign citizens staying in Spain for more than 183 days in a year are considered tax residents of Spain and must pay taxes on their worldwide income to the Spanish authorities.

However, according to a double taxation agreement between Spain and the United States, the US can continue taxing its citizens as if the treaty did not exist. This means that even as Spain tax residents, Americans must still file US tax returns and pay taxes in their home country.

To avoid double taxation, the treaty allows US citizens to offset the value of Spanish income taxes already paid against their US tax liabilities. If the tax rate in Spain is higher than in the US, digital nomads may need to pay the difference in Spain.

Income tax rates. For tax residents, the income tax rate in Spain ranges from 19% to 47% based on the income level.

Entrepreneurs and employees of foreign companies can also benefit from a special so-called Beckham Regime. Under this regime, a flat tax rate of 24% is applied on the income up to €600,000, or $642,390, for the first 6 years of residency. Income exceeding this threshold is taxed at 45%​​.

Social security contributions. US digital nomads in Spain are exempt from paying social security contributions for the first 2 years if they have a certificate from the US confirming that their contributions are covered.​ After the initial 2-year period, they will be required to make social security contributions in Spain.

To be eligible for permanent residency, one must reside in Spain for at least 5 years. During each of these years, at least 183 days must be spent in the country​.

After 5 years of continuous residency, an application for permanent residency can be submitted to the local immigration office. Required documents must include proof of continuous residency, evidence of financial stability, and compliance with other legal requirements.

Individuals can apply for Spanish citizenship after 10 years of legal residency in Spain, including time spent under the Spain Digital Nomad Visa.

Applicants for Spanish citizenship must demonstrate good conduct, financial stability, and integration into Spanish society. This includes showing proficiency in the Spanish language at a minimum of the A2 level and a sound knowledge of Spanish culture and laws.

The citizenship application process can take between 12 to 18 months to complete. The detailed application is submitted to the Ministry of Justice.

Spain generally does not allow dual citizenship, except for citizens from certain countries such as Andorra, France, Portugal, and Ibero-American countries. US nationals typically must renounce their US passport to obtain Spanish citizenship.

In addition to the Digital Nomad Visa, US citizens have several other options for relocating to Spain, each catering to different circumstances and requirements.

The Spain Golden Visa is aimed at investors seeking residency in exchange for significant investments in the country’s economy. Available options include:

• purchasing real estate — at least €500,000, or $535,325;

• opening a deposit in a Spanish bank — at least €1,000,000, or $1,070,650;

• buying shares of Spanish companies — €1,000,000, or $1,070,650;

• purchasing units in investment funds — €1,000,000, or $1,070,650;

• investing in Spanish government bonds — at least €2,000,000, or $2,141,300;

• investing in Spanish businesses.

The Golden Visa extends residency rights to the investor’s immediate family, including spouse and dependent children, without additional income requirements​.

Moreover, the Golden Visa allows the investor and their family members to work in Spain without restrictions imposed on Digital Nomad Visa holders, who can only work for non-Spanish companies or clients.

Practical Guide

Practical Guide

Will you obtain residence by investment in Spain?

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The Non-Lucrative Visa is suitable for those wishing to live in Spain without working. It requires proof of sufficient financial means to support oneself without employment. Applicants must demonstrate a passive income of at least €28,800 per year, with an additional amount for each family member. This visa is ideal for retirees and those living on passive income.

The Work Visa is required for those who have secured employment with a Spanish company. The employer must sponsor the visa application. This visa is ideal for skilled professionals who have job offers in Spain and wish to live and work in the country. Work visas cover various categories, such as highly skilled workers and seasonal workers​.

The Student Visa is designed for students enrolled in educational institutions in Spain. This visa allows them to reside in Spain for the duration of their studies and also permits part-time work. The Student Visa is an excellent option for those pursuing higher education or specific training programs in Spain​.

The Entrepreneur Visa is tailored for individuals planning to start a business in Spain. Applicants must present a detailed business plan that demonstrates the viability and potential economic impact of their venture. This visa encourages innovation and economic growth by attracting entrepreneurial talent to Spain.

On average, the cost of living in Spain is around 37% lower than in the United States. This difference is evident across various expense categories, including housing, groceries, dining, and transportation.

Housing. In Spain, the average monthly rent for an 85 m² furnished apartment in an expensive area is about €1,416, or $1,517. In comparison, in the US, the price for the same apartment can be as high as $2,969, which is roughly 49% higher than in Spain.

In more affordable residential areas, the difference is even more pronounced, with rent costing €958, or $1,027, in Spain compared to $2,239 in the US​​. In general, rent prices in Spain are approximately 45% lower than in the United States.

Examples of real estate in Spain for digital nomads

Spain, Palma de Mallorca

€398,000 — €430,000

Apartments in a new residential complex with a swimming pool

61 m²

2

2

Spain, Benidorm

€340,000 — €650,000

Apartments and villas with sea and mountain view

73 m² — 230 m²

2—3

2—3

Spain, Benidorm

€455,000 — €1,690,000

Apartments on the sea coast

60 m² — 175 m²

1—4

1—4

Eating out. Restaurant prices in Spain are 33% lower than in the United States. A meal at an inexpensive restaurant in Spain costs about €12, or $12.86. In the US, the same meal would cost around $20, making dining out about 55% more expensive.

Additionally, a three-course meal for two at a mid-range restaurant costs around $75 in the US, compared to approximately €50, or $53.58, in Spain, which is about 40% cheaper.

Public transportation. A one-way ticket on local transport in Spain costs about €1.50, or $1.61, while in the US, it typically costs $2.50. Monthly passes in Spain average around €30, or $32.16, which is cheaper than the price of $70 in major US cities.

Utilities. The monthly cost for utilities like electricity, heating, cooling, and water for an 85 m² apartment in Spain is about €118, or $126, which is 41% cheaper than in the US, where the same utilities cost around $215. Internet services are also more affordable, with an average cost of €27, or $29, per month in Spain, compared to $62 in the US.

Groceries. Grocery prices in Spain are on average 38% lower than in the United States. This difference is visible in several common items, as shown in the table below.

Spain offers a diverse range of regions that cater to various lifestyles and preferences. Here are some of the best regions for Americans considering a move to Spain.

Madrid is Spain’s bustling capital, known for its rich cultural heritage, world-class museums, and thriving nightlife.

As the political and economic heart of Spain, Madrid offers many job opportunities, particularly in finance, technology, and education. It boasts excellent public transportation, international schools, and healthcare facilities, making it a favorite among expats.

Barcelona is famous for its stunning architecture by Antoni Gaudí, beautiful beaches, and a dynamic cultural scene. It’s a top choice for digital nomads and creative professionals. The city has a strong expat community, facilitating an easier transition for newcomers.

Valencia features modern attractions like the City of Arts and Sciences combined with traditional charm. The city has lots of green spaces and a scenic river park.

Known for its beautiful beaches and delicious cuisine, particularly paella, Valencia offers a more relaxed lifestyle compared to Madrid and Barcelona, along with a lower cost of living.

Málaga is renowned for its warm Mediterranean climate and beautiful coastline. With a growing expat community and affordable living costs, it offers a high quality of life. The city is popular with retirees and those seeking a slower pace of life.

Cultural attractions include the Picasso Museum and the historic Alcazaba fortress.

Alicante is a popular destination for those looking for a coastal lifestyle. Alicante boasts lovely beaches and a lively expat community. Residents enjoy a range of recreational activities from golf to water sports and benefit from many English-speaking services and international schools, facilitating an easy adaptation for Americans.

Tenerife, the largest of the Canary Islands, is celebrated for its year-round mild climate and breathtaking landscapes. With attractions like Mount Teide, Spain’s highest peak, Tenerife is perfect for outdoor lovers. The island also has a growing digital nomad community and provides a relaxed island lifestyle with all necessary amenities​​.

While the Spanish Digital Nomad Visa offers numerous benefits, US citizens may encounter several challenges during the application process and their stay in Spain.

Language barrier. Although many Spanish people speak English, especially in major cities, navigating bureaucratic processes and daily life can be challenging without a good level of Spanish. Important documents, official forms, and interactions with local authorities are often conducted in Spanish, making language proficiency essential for smooth communication​​.

Cultural adjustment. Adapting to a new culture and lifestyle can be difficult due to differences in work culture, social norms, and daily routines. For example, the Spanish workday often includes a long lunch break and a "siesta" period, unlike the continuous work hours typical in the US.

Social norms in Spain emphasize personal relationships and a relaxed approach to punctuality. Additionally, later meal times, with dinner starting around 9 PM, differ from American customs.

Tax obligations. Spain requires tax residents to pay taxes on their worldwide income if they stay in the country for more than 183 days per year.

Although Spain and the US have a Double Taxation Treaty, ensuring that income is not taxed twice, managing tax obligations in both countries can still be complex. Additionally, if the Spanish tax rate is higher than the US rate, the difference must be paid in Spain.

Housing market. Finding suitable housing can be another challenge. In popular cities like Madrid and Barcelona, the housing market is competitive, and prices can be high. Securing a rental agreement or purchasing property involves understanding the local real estate market and legal requirements.

The rise of remote work has led several EU countries to introduce Digital Nomad Visas, each offering unique benefits and requirements tailored to attract international remote workers. These visas vary in terms of income requirements, validity period, and other parameters, making it important to compare the options available.

One can get a Digital Nomad visa in many European countries. The most popular are in:

• Portugal,

• Malta,

• Hungary,

• Italy,

• Greece,

• Georgia,

• Croatia,

• Cyprus.

Comparison of EU Digital Nomad Visas

Country

Spain

Portugal

Hungary

Malta

Italy

Monthly income

€2,646+, or $2,832+

€3,280+, or $3,512+

€3,000+, or $3,212+

€3,500+, or $3,747+

€2,700+, or $2,891+

Validity

Visa — 1 year
Residence permit — 3 years, extendable for 2 more years

Residence permit — 2 years, extendable for 3 more years

1 year, extendable for 1 more year

1 year, subject to 3 extensions

1 year, subject to extension

Timeframe

4+ months

6+ months

3+ months

2+ months

4+ months

Residency requirement

Not required

1.5 years in a row or 16 months in total

90+ days within 6 months

5 months a year

183+ days a year

Family inclusion

Spouse
Children
Parents
Grandparents
Siblings

Spouse
Children under 30
Parents

No

Spouse
Children

Spouse
Children under 18
Parents

1. The Spain Digital Nomad Visa is designed for remote workers of non-Spanish companies, freelancers, or entrepreneurs managing their own businesses abroad. To qualify, applicants must earn at least €2,646, or $2,832, per month.

2. The Digital Nomad Visa allows for residence in Spain for up to 1 year. After this period, holders can apply for a 3-year residence permit which is extendable for another 2 years.

3. Family members, including spouses, children, parents, grandparents, and siblings, can also receive residency permits.

4. After 5 years, residents can apply for permanent residency, and after another 5 years — for Spanish citizenship. Spain does not allow dual citizenship, meaning US nationals must renounce their US passport to obtain Spanish citizenship.